An over current protection method suitable for Fixed ON-time PFM (Pulse Frequency Modulation) Control DC-DC converters is proposed. It is based on inductor bottom current limiting, realized by monitoring the synchronous rectifier current and extending the OFF-phase of the main switch until it decreases to a predetermined limit, and can properly limit the output current even in case of short circuit. A Fixed ON-time PFM DC-DC converter with the proposed over current protection was designed and fabricated in CMOS IC. Its current limiting operation was verified with simulations and measurements.

In this paper, the characteristics of a micro DC-DC converter for portable electronic equipments are described. In the converter, an inductor, switching devices and control integrated circuits (ICs) were integrated. The external size of the converter module was 3.0 mm 3.0 mm 1.0 mm. And the converter had a high efficiency of 83% at the input voltage of 7.2 V and the output voltage of 1.5 V. The miniaturization of the converter was achieved by developing a small inductor of the size of 3.0 mm 3.0 mm 0.525 mm. High efficiency was achieved by adopting 0.6 µm CMOS process for ICs and switching devices, using N channel MOSFET for a high side power switch, and controlling a dead time adaptively. The efficiency characteristics of the converter were analyzed experimentally and theoretically. And the losses of the converter were theoretically analyzed.

A switched capacitor DC-DC voltage converter that has an arbitrary conversion ratio of rational number is presented. A given voltage conversion ratio is systematically expanded to construct a switched capacitor circuit that operates with a two-phase switching clock. The conversion ratio is completely free from capacitance values and ratios under the assumption that there is no charge transfer between the two switching phases. This means that the converter cannot supply any power to the load. This restricts the application of the converters to a very limited area such as a voltage reference generator that only provides a reference voltage and no power to a circuit. The conditions for the convergence of the output voltage and the stray capacitor effects are discussed. The output voltage error and required switching frequency are also discussed when the converter is used as a DC voltage supply source that provides power to a load.