This paper presents the evaluation of the L-2L de-embedding method with misalignment of the contact position. The issues of misalignment of the contact position are investigated. The analysis of misalignment in the L-2L de-embedding procedure is performed. Two comparisons are carried out to verify the error of the L-2L de-embedding method. The calculation percent error in quality factor of the transmission line becomes up to 9.0%, while the transistor S-parameter error percentage becomes up to 21% at 60 GHz in the experimental results. The results show that the measurement errors, caused by the misalignment of the contact position, should be considered carefully.

Recently, a data-selective method has been proposed to achieve low misalignment in affine projection algorithm (APA) by keeping the condition number of an input data matrix small. We present an improved method, and a complexity reduction algorithm for the APA with the data-selective method. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has lower misalignment and a lower condition number for an input data matrix than both the conventional APA and the APA with the previous data-selective method.

The uplink synchronous transmission scheme was proposed to improve the uplink performance of DS-CDMA systems. However, previous performance analyses have assumed perfect uplink synchronization among main paths, which is impractical due to timing misalignment. Accordingly, this Letter evaluates the impact of imperfect synchronization on the performance of an uplink synchronized DS-CDMA system by deriving an orthogonality factor as a measure of the imperfection in synchronization.