This paper evaluates three inter-domain redundancy path computation methods based on PCE (Path Computation Element). Some inter-domain paths carry traffic that must be assured of high quality and high reliability transfer such as telephony over IP and premium virtual private networks (VPNs). It is, therefore, important to set inter-domain redundancy paths, i.e. primary and secondary paths. The first scheme utilizes an existing protocol and the basic PCE implementation. It does not need any extension or modification. In the second scheme, PCEs make a virtual shortest path tree (VSPT) considering the candidates of primary paths that have corresponding secondary paths. The goal is to reduce blocking probability; corresponding secondary paths may be found more often after a primary path is decided; no protocol extension is necessary. In the third scheme, PCEs make a VSPT considering all candidates of primary and secondary paths. Blocking probability is further decreased since all possible candidates are located, and the sum of primary and secondary path cost is reduced by choosing the pair with minimum cost among all path pairs. Numerical evaluations show that the second and third schemes offer only a few percent reduction in blocking probability and path pair total cost, while the overheads imposed by protocol revision and increase of the amount of calculation and information to be exchanged are large. This suggests that the first scheme, the most basic and simple one, is the best choice.

Electronic Toll Collection (ETC), an application of Dedicated Short Range Wireless Communication (DSRC), had suffered from wrong operations due to multipath problems. To solve this problem, we proposed to apply a simple configured path determination scheme for the ETC system. The system consists of a vector network analyzer, low-noise amplifier, and X-Y positioner and achieves an automatic measurement of the spatial transfer function with emphasis on accurate measurement and reproducibility. For the reliable identification of the propagating paths, 3-D Unitary ESPRIT and SAGE algorithms were employed. Having developed the system, field experiments at the toll gate of the highway was carried out. In the measurements, we could determine many propagation paths so that the dominant propagation phenomena at the toll gate was identified. They included a ground-canopy twice reflected wave, which was a potential path that caused wrong operation. Consequently, their reflection coefficients and polarization characteristics were investigated. From the results, applicability of the path determination system for short range on-site measurement was confirmed.